Coping With Failure

• Static typing, as implemented in C and Pascal, was not very technically successful

• Solution 1: Give up

• Lisp

• APL

• AWK

• Perl ( really give up: +(8/2).".".0.0.0)

Hey, that worked pretty well!

• Solution 2: Try to do better

• Haskell (and its precursors ISWIM, Miranda, ML, etc.)

• Closely related: Java 5