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The Bourne shell had no arithmetic built in
But there was an expr command (in C) that did arithmetic:
% expr 5 + 4 9
Need formatted output like C's printf?
No problem, someone eventually wrote a printf command
% printf "|%-6s| |%3d| |\$%12.2f|\n" foo 8 12.346 |foo | | 8| |$ 12.35|
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